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Through the Looking-Glass : = Marine Mammal Monitoring in a Changing World.

Record Type:	Language materials, manuscript : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Through the Looking-Glass :/
Reminder of title:	Marine Mammal Monitoring in a Changing World.
Author:	Hoekendijk, Jeroen P. A.
Description:	1 online resource (169 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International85-12B.
Subject:	Marine mammals. -
Online resource:	click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798383017999

Through the Looking-Glass : = Marine Mammal Monitoring in a Changing World.
Hoekendijk, Jeroen P. A.

Through the Looking-Glass :Marine Mammal Monitoring in a Changing World. - 1 online resource (169 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wageningen University and Research, 2024.

Includes bibliographical references

The Arctic climate is changing extremely fast. Climate models have systematically underestimated the temperature increase in this region and the latest findings now suggest that over the past 43 years, the Arctic has been warming up nearly four times faster than the globe on average (Rantanen et al., 2022). This temperature increase has led to a decrease in sea ice volume by 75% since the 1980s (Overland and Wang, 2013), putting many of the endemic Arctic marine mammal species that depend on the sea ice at risk (Kovacs et al., 2011). Negative impacts and anthropogenic activities are expected to increase (Kovacs et al, 2011) as the Arctic Ocean is predicted to be nearly ice-free as soon as summer 2035 (Guarino et al, 2020).This is particularly problematic for Arctic pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals and walruses) that are all dependent on the sea-ice to different extents. The ribbon seal Histriophoca fasciata, harp seal Pagophilis groenlandicus and hooded seal Cystophora cristata for instance, all breed on pack ice in spring, but are also reported to spend long periods offshore in ice-free areas (Kovacs et al., 2011). Though all pinnipeds may haul out on the ice occasionally throughout the year, the ringed seal Phoca hispida and bearded seal Erignathus barbatus are particularly associated with sea ice yearround using it for breeding, resting and moulting (Kovacs et al., 2011). Finally, the walrus Odobenus rosmarus (Figure 1.1) - the only extant member of the Odobenidae family and not a true seal - also uses sea ice for breeding and resting. Walruses use sea ice seasonally as temporal haul-out sites to extend their feeding range, thereby minimizing the travel distance to bivalve beds that are otherwise too far from shore to commute from (Fay, 1982). Because of the retreating sea ice, walruses are in some locations forced to move to suboptimal haul-out sites on land in summer, which may lead to overcrowding and lower accessibility to foraging grounds (Jay et al., 2012; Cooper et al., 2006). In the Chuckchi Sea for instance, Pacific walruses O. rosmarus divergens now haul out on land more often, and concentrate there in larger numbers (Fishbach and Douglas, 2021). Figure 1.1 One of the most recognizable animals on the planet, the walrus, is threatened by the disappearing sea ice. But these consequences are not limited to pinnipeds. The disappearing sea ice is also expected to have negative impacts on endemic Arctic cetaceans. The narwhal Monodon monoceros, beluga Delphinapterus leucas and bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus are all associated with sea ice throughout most of the year (i.e., are pagophilic). Bowhead whales are baleen whales (Mysticeti) that filter feed on zooplankton, whereas narwhals and belugas are toothed whales (Odontoceti) that feed primarily on fish (and occasionally on invertebrates such as shrimp and squid). Although their diet differs greatly, their prey species are all associated with sea ice, which makes these cetaceans vulnerable to sea ice loss (Kovacs et al, 2011). Additionally, the sea ice also offers protection from predators, mainly killer whales (Orcinus orca). A reduction of sea ice cover makes it harder to hide from these predators, while at the same time allows for killer whales to become more abundant in the Arctic (Higdon and Ferguson, 2009; Ferguson et al., 2010).

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2024

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798383017999Subjects--Topical Terms:

655281
Marine mammals.
Index Terms--Genre/Form:

554714
Electronic books.

Through the Looking-Glass : = Marine Mammal Monitoring in a Changing World.
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520 $a The Arctic climate is changing extremely fast. Climate models have systematically underestimated the temperature increase in this region and the latest findings now suggest that over the past 43 years, the Arctic has been warming up nearly four times faster than the globe on average (Rantanen et al., 2022). This temperature increase has led to a decrease in sea ice volume by 75% since the 1980s (Overland and Wang, 2013), putting many of the endemic Arctic marine mammal species that depend on the sea ice at risk (Kovacs et al., 2011). Negative impacts and anthropogenic activities are expected to increase (Kovacs et al, 2011) as the Arctic Ocean is predicted to be nearly ice-free as soon as summer 2035 (Guarino et al, 2020).This is particularly problematic for Arctic pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals and walruses) that are all dependent on the sea-ice to different extents. The ribbon seal Histriophoca fasciata, harp seal Pagophilis groenlandicus and hooded seal Cystophora cristata for instance, all breed on pack ice in spring, but are also reported to spend long periods offshore in ice-free areas (Kovacs et al., 2011). Though all pinnipeds may haul out on the ice occasionally throughout the year, the ringed seal Phoca hispida and bearded seal Erignathus barbatus are particularly associated with sea ice yearround using it for breeding, resting and moulting (Kovacs et al., 2011). Finally, the walrus Odobenus rosmarus (Figure 1.1) - the only extant member of the Odobenidae family and not a true seal - also uses sea ice for breeding and resting. Walruses use sea ice seasonally as temporal haul-out sites to extend their feeding range, thereby minimizing the travel distance to bivalve beds that are otherwise too far from shore to commute from (Fay, 1982). Because of the retreating sea ice, walruses are in some locations forced to move to suboptimal haul-out sites on land in summer, which may lead to overcrowding and lower accessibility to foraging grounds (Jay et al., 2012; Cooper et al., 2006). In the Chuckchi Sea for instance, Pacific walruses O. rosmarus divergens now haul out on land more often, and concentrate there in larger numbers (Fishbach and Douglas, 2021). Figure 1.1 One of the most recognizable animals on the planet, the walrus, is threatened by the disappearing sea ice. But these consequences are not limited to pinnipeds. The disappearing sea ice is also expected to have negative impacts on endemic Arctic cetaceans. The narwhal Monodon monoceros, beluga Delphinapterus leucas and bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus are all associated with sea ice throughout most of the year (i.e., are pagophilic). Bowhead whales are baleen whales (Mysticeti) that filter feed on zooplankton, whereas narwhals and belugas are toothed whales (Odontoceti) that feed primarily on fish (and occasionally on invertebrates such as shrimp and squid). Although their diet differs greatly, their prey species are all associated with sea ice, which makes these cetaceans vulnerable to sea ice loss (Kovacs et al, 2011). Additionally, the sea ice also offers protection from predators, mainly killer whales (Orcinus orca). A reduction of sea ice cover makes it harder to hide from these predators, while at the same time allows for killer whales to become more abundant in the Arctic (Higdon and Ferguson, 2009; Ferguson et al., 2010).
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