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The Consequences of Trade Policy and the Relaxation on China's One-Child Policy on Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes.

Record Type:	Language materials, manuscript : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	The Consequences of Trade Policy and the Relaxation on China's One-Child Policy on Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes./
Author:	An, Xiaowei.
Description:	1 online resource (100 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-07, Section: A.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-07A.
Subject:	Individual & family studies. -
Online resource:	click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798368418926

The Consequences of Trade Policy and the Relaxation on China's One-Child Policy on Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes.
An, Xiaowei.

The Consequences of Trade Policy and the Relaxation on China's One-Child Policy on Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes. - 1 online resource (100 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-07, Section: A.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northeastern University, 2022.

Includes bibliographical references

This dissertation is formed with 3 essays discuss the consequences of trade policy and the relaxation on China's one-child policy on fertility and labor market outcomes. In essay 1 and essay 2, I investigate the effects of the relaxation in China's One-Child Policy (OCP) introduced in 2013 on fertility and women's labor market outcomes. In essay 1 I focus on the effects on fertility and children's sex ratio, while in essay 2 I focus on the effects on women's labor market outcomes. I exploit regional differences in the enforcement intensity of China's OCP as an exogenous source of variation in fertility. Using the share of current mothers of primary childbearing age who gave a higher order birth in 1990, I construct a measure of the extent of local violation of the OCP at the county level, referred to as the excess fertility rate (EFR). I then use county-level differences in EFRs, net differences in pre-existing fertility preferences and socio-economic characteristics, to proxy for regional differences in OCP enforcement intensity. Using the longitudinal individual data from the China's Health and Nutrition Survey and controlling for individual fixed effects, in essay 1 I find that a one standard deviation increase in EFR is associated with an 7.6 percent increase in family size in urban areas after the policy change, with no evidence of a significant change in rural areas. However, given the relatively small effects of policy relaxation on fertility, I find no evidence of a significant impact on children's sex ratio. In essay 2 I estimate the effects on women's labor market outcomes and find no evidence of a significant impact on women's labor supply in both extensive and intensive margins. However, I find a significant negative impact on women's wages in counties with less strict enforcement of OCP compared to other counties. In essay 3 I explore the causal relationship between trade Liberalization and sex imbalance in China. Since the early 1980s, China experienced a rising sex ratio at birth, which has plateaued since the 2000s. I investigate the impact of China's WTO accession in 2001 on fertility patterns and sex ratio. Using the exogenous exposure to reductions in trade policy uncertainty across counties, I construct a shift-share measure of local exposure to the policy change. I implement a difference-in-difference empirical strategy to compare counties characterized by difference levels of trade policy uncertainty before and after WTO accession, conditional on county and province-year fixed effects. I find heterogeneous effects of the trade reform on sex ratio at birth across urban and rural regions. The sex ratio at birth decreases significantly in urban regions that experienced higher reductions in trade uncertainty, while there is no evidence of a significant impact in rural regions.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2024

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798368418926Subjects--Topical Terms:

1181440
Individual & family studies.
Subjects--Index Terms:

China's one-child policyIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

554714
Electronic books.

The Consequences of Trade Policy and the Relaxation on China's One-Child Policy on Fertility and Labor Market Outcomes.
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520 $a This dissertation is formed with 3 essays discuss the consequences of trade policy and the relaxation on China's one-child policy on fertility and labor market outcomes. In essay 1 and essay 2, I investigate the effects of the relaxation in China's One-Child Policy (OCP) introduced in 2013 on fertility and women's labor market outcomes. In essay 1 I focus on the effects on fertility and children's sex ratio, while in essay 2 I focus on the effects on women's labor market outcomes. I exploit regional differences in the enforcement intensity of China's OCP as an exogenous source of variation in fertility. Using the share of current mothers of primary childbearing age who gave a higher order birth in 1990, I construct a measure of the extent of local violation of the OCP at the county level, referred to as the excess fertility rate (EFR). I then use county-level differences in EFRs, net differences in pre-existing fertility preferences and socio-economic characteristics, to proxy for regional differences in OCP enforcement intensity. Using the longitudinal individual data from the China's Health and Nutrition Survey and controlling for individual fixed effects, in essay 1 I find that a one standard deviation increase in EFR is associated with an 7.6 percent increase in family size in urban areas after the policy change, with no evidence of a significant change in rural areas. However, given the relatively small effects of policy relaxation on fertility, I find no evidence of a significant impact on children's sex ratio. In essay 2 I estimate the effects on women's labor market outcomes and find no evidence of a significant impact on women's labor supply in both extensive and intensive margins. However, I find a significant negative impact on women's wages in counties with less strict enforcement of OCP compared to other counties. In essay 3 I explore the causal relationship between trade Liberalization and sex imbalance in China. Since the early 1980s, China experienced a rising sex ratio at birth, which has plateaued since the 2000s. I investigate the impact of China's WTO accession in 2001 on fertility patterns and sex ratio. Using the exogenous exposure to reductions in trade policy uncertainty across counties, I construct a shift-share measure of local exposure to the policy change. I implement a difference-in-difference empirical strategy to compare counties characterized by difference levels of trade policy uncertainty before and after WTO accession, conditional on county and province-year fixed effects. I find heterogeneous effects of the trade reform on sex ratio at birth across urban and rural regions. The sex ratio at birth decreases significantly in urban regions that experienced higher reductions in trade uncertainty, while there is no evidence of a significant impact in rural regions.
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