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Harvesting Solar Energy on a Silicon Photonic Chip.

Record Type:	Language materials, manuscript : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Harvesting Solar Energy on a Silicon Photonic Chip./
Author:	D'Mello, Yannick.
Description:	1 online resource (213 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-05, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International85-05B.
Subject:	Silicon. -
Online resource:	click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798380706582

Harvesting Solar Energy on a Silicon Photonic Chip.
D'Mello, Yannick.

Harvesting Solar Energy on a Silicon Photonic Chip. - 1 online resource (213 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-05, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McGill University (Canada), 2023.

Includes bibliographical references

An hour of sunlight can satisfy global power consumption for a year, yet solar energy contributes to only 2% of electricity generation. This gap is due to the high price per watt of capture, conversion, and retention. Solar panels capture only direct sunlight, and it depends on weather conditions. The fraction of the solar spectrum that is converted into electricity is limited by the absorption spectrum of silicon (Si). This electricity is retained in batteries whose capacity is further limited by the fermionic nature of electrons. These limitations on the electrical process of harvesting solar energy motivate us to consider an optical process.In this thesis, we show that sunlight can be captured into optical modes, retained via the bosonic nature of photons, and transferred to electron kinetic energy. Hence, rather than transferring energy from sunlight to bound electrons and then storing electrical energy, our scheme captures and stores optical energy and then transfers it to free electrons. It employs complementary metal oxidesemiconductor technology to ensure inexpensive mass-manufacturability and leverages the maturity of the Si photonic (SiP) platform to design wavelength-dependent but scale-invariant optical devices. We present this scheme as a SiP circuit consisting of 6 devices which perform the following functions: (i) capture ambient light into confined modes, (ii) split the modes based on polarization, (iii) rotate one polarization, (iv) match the phases, (v) combine them into a single mode, and (vi) transfer the energy to free electrons.(i) To capture ambient sunlight, we analyze the harvesting mechanisms of naturally occurring, biosilica frustules in diatoms. We find that sub-wavelength structures in the frustule together enhance optical capture, redistribution, and retention in the cell by 9.83%. This shows how the silica cladding of a SiP chip can enhance free-space coupling to on-chip devices. (ii) To split the fundamental transverse electric (TE0) and transverse magnetic (TM0) modes, we demonstrate an on-chip polarization beam splitter. Our design offers a high fabrication tolerance in a compact form factor resulting in an insertion loss of 2 dB and extinction ratio of 11.45 dB over a wavelength range of 1500-1600 nm. (iii) To rotate the TE0 mode towards TM0, we demonstrate an on-chip electromagnetic coil which uses 14 mA of current to generate an alternating magnetic flux density up to 1.16 mT inside a strip waveguide. We calculate a Faraday rotation of 34.65 p-deg at 1550 nm over an interaction length of 1097.4 μm. We also identify ways to increase the rotation by orders of magnitude. (iv) To phase-match both branches, we design a dual polarization phase shifter to induce the Pockels effect in an electro-optic polymer. Simulations show a phase shift of 67.5 mrad/V over an interaction length of 8 mm. (v) The two branches are then combined (demonstrated but not included). (vi) To convert light into electricity, we design an exposed slot waveguide to maximize the overlap between a TM0supermode and co-propagating free electrons. We optimize the coupling efficiency over the interaction length to achieve an electron energy gain of 28.27 keV from an optical pulse energy of 0.22 nJ. Increasing the kinetic energy of the electron is equivalent to increasing the electric current, or generating electricity. Overall, our results reveal the potential of an optical process to harvest solar energy as either a substitute or a complement to the current electrical process.Our novel device designs already offer direct applications to a variety of fields including telecommunications, sensing, and quantum information science. Their separate applications incentivize further development, which is supported by the modularized design of our circuit. In this context, the thesis provides a starting point on the roadmap towards harvesting solar energy on a SiP chip.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2024

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798380706582Subjects--Topical Terms:

640033
Silicon.
Index Terms--Genre/Form:

554714
Electronic books.

Harvesting Solar Energy on a Silicon Photonic Chip.
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520 $a An hour of sunlight can satisfy global power consumption for a year, yet solar energy contributes to only 2% of electricity generation. This gap is due to the high price per watt of capture, conversion, and retention. Solar panels capture only direct sunlight, and it depends on weather conditions. The fraction of the solar spectrum that is converted into electricity is limited by the absorption spectrum of silicon (Si). This electricity is retained in batteries whose capacity is further limited by the fermionic nature of electrons. These limitations on the electrical process of harvesting solar energy motivate us to consider an optical process.In this thesis, we show that sunlight can be captured into optical modes, retained via the bosonic nature of photons, and transferred to electron kinetic energy. Hence, rather than transferring energy from sunlight to bound electrons and then storing electrical energy, our scheme captures and stores optical energy and then transfers it to free electrons. It employs complementary metal oxidesemiconductor technology to ensure inexpensive mass-manufacturability and leverages the maturity of the Si photonic (SiP) platform to design wavelength-dependent but scale-invariant optical devices. We present this scheme as a SiP circuit consisting of 6 devices which perform the following functions: (i) capture ambient light into confined modes, (ii) split the modes based on polarization, (iii) rotate one polarization, (iv) match the phases, (v) combine them into a single mode, and (vi) transfer the energy to free electrons.(i) To capture ambient sunlight, we analyze the harvesting mechanisms of naturally occurring, biosilica frustules in diatoms. We find that sub-wavelength structures in the frustule together enhance optical capture, redistribution, and retention in the cell by 9.83%. This shows how the silica cladding of a SiP chip can enhance free-space coupling to on-chip devices. (ii) To split the fundamental transverse electric (TE0) and transverse magnetic (TM0) modes, we demonstrate an on-chip polarization beam splitter. Our design offers a high fabrication tolerance in a compact form factor resulting in an insertion loss of 2 dB and extinction ratio of 11.45 dB over a wavelength range of 1500-1600 nm. (iii) To rotate the TE0 mode towards TM0, we demonstrate an on-chip electromagnetic coil which uses 14 mA of current to generate an alternating magnetic flux density up to 1.16 mT inside a strip waveguide. We calculate a Faraday rotation of 34.65 p-deg at 1550 nm over an interaction length of 1097.4 μm. We also identify ways to increase the rotation by orders of magnitude. (iv) To phase-match both branches, we design a dual polarization phase shifter to induce the Pockels effect in an electro-optic polymer. Simulations show a phase shift of 67.5 mrad/V over an interaction length of 8 mm. (v) The two branches are then combined (demonstrated but not included). (vi) To convert light into electricity, we design an exposed slot waveguide to maximize the overlap between a TM0supermode and co-propagating free electrons. We optimize the coupling efficiency over the interaction length to achieve an electron energy gain of 28.27 keV from an optical pulse energy of 0.22 nJ. Increasing the kinetic energy of the electron is equivalent to increasing the electric current, or generating electricity. Overall, our results reveal the potential of an optical process to harvest solar energy as either a substitute or a complement to the current electrical process.Our novel device designs already offer direct applications to a variety of fields including telecommunications, sensing, and quantum information science. Their separate applications incentivize further development, which is supported by the modularized design of our circuit. In this context, the thesis provides a starting point on the roadmap towards harvesting solar energy on a SiP chip.
520 $a Une heure d'ensoleillement peut satisfaire la consommation electrique mondiale pendant un an, mais l'energie solaire ne contribue que 2 % de la production d'electricite. Cet ecart est du au prix eleve du watt de captage, de conversion et de retention. La fraction du spectre solaire qui est convertie en electricite est limitee par le spectre d'absorption du silicium (Si). Cette electricite est retenue dans des batteries dont la capacite est limitee par la nature fermionique des electrons. Ces limitations du processus electrique de recuperation de l'energie solaire nous incitent a envisager un processus optique.Dans cette these, nous montrons que la lumiere solaire peut etre capturee dans des modes optiques, retenue par des photons et transferee a des electrons. Notre schema capture et stocke l'energie optique puis la transfere aux electrons libres. Il utilise une technologie complementaire d'oxyde metallique-semi-conducteur pour assurer une fabrication de masse peu couteuse et tire parti de la maturite de la plate-forme photonique Si (SiP) pour concevoir des dispositifs optiques. Nous presentons ce schema sous la forme d'un circuit SiP compose de 6 dispositifs qui remplissent les fonctions suivantes : (i) capturer la lumiere ambiante en modes confines, (ii) diviser les modes en fonction de la polarisation, (iii) faire pivoter une polarisation, (iv) faire correspondre les phases, (v) les combiner en un seul mode, et (vi) transferer l'energie aux electrons libres.(i) Pour capter la lumiere solaire ambiante, nous analysons les mecanismes de recolte des frustules de biosilice dans les diatomees. Nous constatons que les structures de sous-longueur d'onde dans le frustule ameliorent ensemble la capture optique, la redistribution et la retention dans la cellule de 9,83 %. Cela montre comment le revetement en silice d'une puce SiP peut ameliorer le couplage en espace libre avec les dispositifs sur puce. (ii) Pour diviser les modes electriques transversal fondamental (TE0) et magnetique transversal (TM0), nous demontrons un separateur de polarisation sur puce. Notre conception offre un facteur de forme compact resultant en une perte d'insertion de 2 dB et un rapport d'extinction de 11,45 dB sur des longueurs d'onde de 1500-1600 nm. (iii) Pour faire pivoter le mode TE0 vers TM0, nous demontrons une bobine electromagnetique sur puce qui utilise 14 mA de courant pour generer une densite de flux magnetique alternatif jusqu'a 1,16 mT a l'interieur d'un guide d'ondes a bande. Nous calculons une rotation de Faraday de 34,65 p-deg a 1550 nm sur une longueur d'interaction de 1097,4 μm. Nous identifions egalement des moyens d'augmenter la rotation par ordres de magnitude. (iv) Pour mettre en phase les deux branches, nous concevons un dephaseur a double polarisation. Les simulations montrent un dephasage de 67,5 mrad/V sur une longueur d'interaction de 8 mm. (v) Les deux branches sont ensuite combinees (demontre mais non inclue). (vi) Pour convertir la lumiere en electricite, nous concevons un guide d'ondes a fentes exposees pour maximiser le chevauchement entre un supermode TM0 et des electrons libres co-propagateurs. Nous optimisons l'efficacite de couplage sur la longueur d'interaction pour obtenir un gain d'energie electronique de 28,27 keV a partir d'une energie d'impulsion optique de 0,22 nJ. Augmenter l'energie cinetique de l'electron equivaut a augmenter le courant electrique ou a generer de l'electricite. Dans l'ensemble, nos resultats revelent le potentiel d'un processus optique pour recolter l'energie solaire en tant que substitut ou complement au processus electrique actuel.Nos nouvelles conceptions d'appareils offrent deja des applications directes dans divers domaines. Leurs applications separees incitent a un developpement ulterieur, qui est soutenu par la conception modulaire de notre circuit. Dans ce contexte, la these fournit un point de depart sur la feuille de route vers la recuperation de l'energie solaire sur une puce SiP..
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