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Dry Well Performance Analysis : = Efficiency of Stormwater Capture and Emerging Contaminant Removal.

Record Type:	Language materials, manuscript : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Dry Well Performance Analysis :/
Reminder of title:	Efficiency of Stormwater Capture and Emerging Contaminant Removal.
Author:	Yiran Li.
Description:	1 online resource (276 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International85-11B.
Subject:	Hydrologic sciences. -
Online resource:	click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798382230870

Dry Well Performance Analysis : = Efficiency of Stormwater Capture and Emerging Contaminant Removal.
Yiran Li.

Dry Well Performance Analysis :Efficiency of Stormwater Capture and Emerging Contaminant Removal. - 1 online resource (276 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2024.

Includes bibliographical references

Stormwater capture for groundwater recharge is one of the important strategies in California to cope with droughts and improve the resilience and sustainability of future water supply portfolios. For this purpose, vadose zone infiltration wells such as dry wells have been deployed across cities because they have small footprints, low capital and maintenance costs, and can transport urban runoff into the vadose zone at high flow rates. Nevertheless, research on dry well performance is limited and statewide regulatory frameworks on dry well installation are lacking. For example, little is known about the stormwater capture efficiency of dry wells under various climate conditions, and the effectiveness of different dry well deployment strategies is poorly understood. Furthermore, since dry wells bypass the natural contaminant attenuation process in topsoil, concerns have been raised about potential groundwater contamination especially for hydrophilic organic compounds. To fill this research and regulatory gap, field monitoring, mathematical modeling, and laboratory testing were used in this study to comprehensively evaluate and optimize the stormwater capture efficiency of dry wells, and to develop cost-effective stormwater treatment systems for dry wells to remove hydrophilic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in urban runoff.In the first research chapter of this study, eight dry wells installed in the Laurel Canyon Boulevard Green Street Project in Los Angeles were used as a case study to investigate the amount of rainfall that can be captured by dry wells. A hydrologic model was developed using a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) based on a hydrology report of the project area and calibrated and validated against field data collected from three rainfall events. A 23-year 5-min rainfall intensity time series was constructed for input into the SWMM model and the performance of the dry wells under different climate conditions and deployment strategies was examined. The results showed that the studied dry wells can capture 19.5 ± 1.2% of annual rainfall, but their performance tends to decrease in the future because of climate change resulting in more intense high-flow rainfall events. Additionally, installing dry wells in series at the outlet of a catchment and increasing the infiltration capacity of dry wells to their threshold before building more dry wells is recommended in this study to increase the amount of captured water while reducing the cost.The remaining three research chapters of this study focus on developing cost-effective stormwater treatment systems for dry wells. A field monitoring program was first conducted at Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Los Angeles to understand the concentration of hydrophilic CECs in urban runoff and the efficacy of current dry wells in removing these compounds. Field monitoring found several hydrophilic organic compounds in the runoff, e.g., benzotriazole, dicamba, and fipronil, and this informed the design of pilot studies of contaminant removal. Three large-grain biochars were tested for their adsorption capacities for hydrophilic CECs and one biochar was selected for further investigation. The CEC adsorption capacity and diffusion tortuosity of the selected biochar was tested both in clean water with no dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and synthetic stormwater water with 8 mg C/L DOC. The hydraulic conductivity of the selected biochar was measured by the constant-head method. The results showed that the selected biochar was a promising material for hydrophilic CEC removal in dry wells because of its adsorption performance and adequate hydraulic conductivity.Next, the selected biochar was used to build a biochar-amended sand filter (50 v% biochar + 50 v% sand) and the performance of the filter was evaluated under realistic flow rates (70 cm/hr) and continuous CEC dosing for 280 empty bed volumes (~ 10 days). The filter exhibited significant removal for all studied CECs except for the two anionic compounds (i.e., mecoprop and dicamba). To further improve the performance of the treatment system, a UV/H2O2 system was coupled with the biochar-amended filter, serving as a pretreatment step. More than 50% of mecoprop was removed by the UV/H2O2 system while only 20% of dicamba was degraded in the UV reactor. UV photolysis was identified as the predominant mechanism for CEC abatement in the UV reactor. A 1-d sorption-retarded intraparticle pore diffusion model was applied to estimate the field lifespan of the proposed treatment systems assuming a dry well with a 60-acre catchment. The biochar-amended filter itself can last for about 0.6 years in the field in the "worst case" scenario. When coupled with a UV system, the service life of the biochar can be extended to about 1 year.Lastly, a large-grain regenerated activated carbon (RAC) was tested in the same way as for biochar and the more cost-effective material was evaluated for stormwater treatment. Biochar exhibited higher adsorption affinity for hydrophilic CECs than RAC while RAC has lower intraparticle diffusion hinderance. In general, RAC is sturdier and easier to handle than biochar in the field, and the annual maintenance costs for RAC and biochar were estimated to be $700 and $2400, respectively, to reach the same contaminant removal efficiency. The field lifespan of a proposed stormwater treatment system with RAC filters in the hypothetical case study is about 6 years as determined by the breakthrough of dicamba. With the UV system, the lifespan of the RAC system can be prolonged to 7-8 years. Under the same conditions, biochar would have a lifespan of about 0.6-1 year. As a result, RAC is a more promising material than biochar to be used in dry wells to protect groundwater quality.Through a combination of field monitoring, laboratory tests, and system modeling, this research advances our understanding of the current performance of dry wells and provides recommendations for the improvement of dry well design. This work makes a tangible contribution to the field of water resource management and beneficial use of stormwater. The developed stormwater treatment systems in this study can help to increase the public acceptance of stormwater capture and facilitate the widespread deployment of future stormwater infiltration infrastructures.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2024

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798382230870Subjects--Topical Terms:

1179176
Hydrologic sciences.
Subjects--Index Terms:

StormwaterIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

554714
Electronic books.

Dry Well Performance Analysis : = Efficiency of Stormwater Capture and Emerging Contaminant Removal.
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520 $a Stormwater capture for groundwater recharge is one of the important strategies in California to cope with droughts and improve the resilience and sustainability of future water supply portfolios. For this purpose, vadose zone infiltration wells such as dry wells have been deployed across cities because they have small footprints, low capital and maintenance costs, and can transport urban runoff into the vadose zone at high flow rates. Nevertheless, research on dry well performance is limited and statewide regulatory frameworks on dry well installation are lacking. For example, little is known about the stormwater capture efficiency of dry wells under various climate conditions, and the effectiveness of different dry well deployment strategies is poorly understood. Furthermore, since dry wells bypass the natural contaminant attenuation process in topsoil, concerns have been raised about potential groundwater contamination especially for hydrophilic organic compounds. To fill this research and regulatory gap, field monitoring, mathematical modeling, and laboratory testing were used in this study to comprehensively evaluate and optimize the stormwater capture efficiency of dry wells, and to develop cost-effective stormwater treatment systems for dry wells to remove hydrophilic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in urban runoff.In the first research chapter of this study, eight dry wells installed in the Laurel Canyon Boulevard Green Street Project in Los Angeles were used as a case study to investigate the amount of rainfall that can be captured by dry wells. A hydrologic model was developed using a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) based on a hydrology report of the project area and calibrated and validated against field data collected from three rainfall events. A 23-year 5-min rainfall intensity time series was constructed for input into the SWMM model and the performance of the dry wells under different climate conditions and deployment strategies was examined. The results showed that the studied dry wells can capture 19.5 ± 1.2% of annual rainfall, but their performance tends to decrease in the future because of climate change resulting in more intense high-flow rainfall events. Additionally, installing dry wells in series at the outlet of a catchment and increasing the infiltration capacity of dry wells to their threshold before building more dry wells is recommended in this study to increase the amount of captured water while reducing the cost.The remaining three research chapters of this study focus on developing cost-effective stormwater treatment systems for dry wells. A field monitoring program was first conducted at Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Los Angeles to understand the concentration of hydrophilic CECs in urban runoff and the efficacy of current dry wells in removing these compounds. Field monitoring found several hydrophilic organic compounds in the runoff, e.g., benzotriazole, dicamba, and fipronil, and this informed the design of pilot studies of contaminant removal. Three large-grain biochars were tested for their adsorption capacities for hydrophilic CECs and one biochar was selected for further investigation. The CEC adsorption capacity and diffusion tortuosity of the selected biochar was tested both in clean water with no dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and synthetic stormwater water with 8 mg C/L DOC. The hydraulic conductivity of the selected biochar was measured by the constant-head method. The results showed that the selected biochar was a promising material for hydrophilic CEC removal in dry wells because of its adsorption performance and adequate hydraulic conductivity.Next, the selected biochar was used to build a biochar-amended sand filter (50 v% biochar + 50 v% sand) and the performance of the filter was evaluated under realistic flow rates (70 cm/hr) and continuous CEC dosing for 280 empty bed volumes (~ 10 days). The filter exhibited significant removal for all studied CECs except for the two anionic compounds (i.e., mecoprop and dicamba). To further improve the performance of the treatment system, a UV/H2O2 system was coupled with the biochar-amended filter, serving as a pretreatment step. More than 50% of mecoprop was removed by the UV/H2O2 system while only 20% of dicamba was degraded in the UV reactor. UV photolysis was identified as the predominant mechanism for CEC abatement in the UV reactor. A 1-d sorption-retarded intraparticle pore diffusion model was applied to estimate the field lifespan of the proposed treatment systems assuming a dry well with a 60-acre catchment. The biochar-amended filter itself can last for about 0.6 years in the field in the "worst case" scenario. When coupled with a UV system, the service life of the biochar can be extended to about 1 year.Lastly, a large-grain regenerated activated carbon (RAC) was tested in the same way as for biochar and the more cost-effective material was evaluated for stormwater treatment. Biochar exhibited higher adsorption affinity for hydrophilic CECs than RAC while RAC has lower intraparticle diffusion hinderance. In general, RAC is sturdier and easier to handle than biochar in the field, and the annual maintenance costs for RAC and biochar were estimated to be $700 and $2400, respectively, to reach the same contaminant removal efficiency. The field lifespan of a proposed stormwater treatment system with RAC filters in the hypothetical case study is about 6 years as determined by the breakthrough of dicamba. With the UV system, the lifespan of the RAC system can be prolonged to 7-8 years. Under the same conditions, biochar would have a lifespan of about 0.6-1 year. As a result, RAC is a more promising material than biochar to be used in dry wells to protect groundwater quality.Through a combination of field monitoring, laboratory tests, and system modeling, this research advances our understanding of the current performance of dry wells and provides recommendations for the improvement of dry well design. This work makes a tangible contribution to the field of water resource management and beneficial use of stormwater. The developed stormwater treatment systems in this study can help to increase the public acceptance of stormwater capture and facilitate the widespread deployment of future stormwater infiltration infrastructures.
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